Damon M. Petrich, Travis C. Pratt, Cheryl Lero Jonson, Francis T. Cullen
# Custodial Sanctions and Reoffending: A Meta-Analytic Review
The University of Chicago, Crime and Justice, volume 50, September 2021.

Danielle Kaeble
# Time Served in State Prison, 2016
www.bjs.gov/ November 2018
Persons released from state prisons in 2016 served an average of 46% of their maximum sentence length before their first release. The average sentence length for persons released for murder or non-negligent manslaughter in 2016 was more than three times the average sentence length of other violent offenses and more than five times the average sentence length of any non-violent offenses. Among broader categories, the percentage of maximum sentence that prisoners served was highest for violent offenses (54%) and lowest for drug (41%) and other unspecified (36%) offenses. For offenders first released from state prison in 2016, the average sentence length for drug offenses was 4.0 years  for possession and 6.7 years for trafficking, and the  average time served was 15 months for possession and  26 months for trafficking.

Emilio Dolcini
# Carcere, problemi vecchi e nuovi
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ Milano 5 novembre 2018
Il diritto penale ha una primaria funzione di garanzia del cittadino – anche di chi delinque – nei confronti dell’autorità pubblica; la Costituzione corrobora quella funzione di garanzia: garantisce il cittadino di fronte allo stesso diritto penale. Detto più semplicemente: la Costituzione indica una serie di cose che il legislatore non deve fare. Una sola volta la Costituzione ribalta questa prospettiva, prevedendo – in forma espressa – un obbligo di incriminazione. Così recita l’art. 13 co. 4: “È punita ogni violenza fisica e morale sulle persone comunque sottoposte a restrizioni di libertà”. Una previsione, dunque, con la quale, eccezionalmente, il Costituente anticipa valutazioni politico-criminali che normalmente sono rimesse al legislatore ordinario. Perché questa eccezionale anticipazione? Per ragioni storiche: per “la consapevolezza degli arbitri e delle violenze che, soprattutto da parte della polizia, erano stati perpetrati sotto il regime fascista”

Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria DAP
# Modifiche organizzative e gestionali della vita detentiva e aggressività. Una valutazione delle possibili relazioni intercorrenti
Ottobre 2018

#  Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire, Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France. Situation au 1er octobre 2018

Ministry of Justice
# Offender Management Statistics Bulletin, England and Wales. Quarterly April to June 2018. Prison population: 30 September 2018
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ Published 25 October 2018

83,005 prisoners in England and Wales as at 30 September 2018. The total prison population has decreased by 3%, compared with the same point in the previous year. 261,196 offenders on probation as at 30 June 2018. The number of offenders on probation at the end of June 2018 was stable (less than 1% decrease) compared to the same point in the previous year...

Lorena Allam, Calla Wahlquist and Nick Evershed
# The 147 dead: terrible toll of Indigenous deaths in custody spurs calls for reform. Exclusive: Guardian investigation of a decade of Indigenous deaths prompts calls for independent detention monitor
www.theguardian.com/ Mon 27 Aug 2018
147 Indigenous people have died over the decade and 407 have died since the end of the royal commission into deaths in custody in 1991 Indigenous people are dying in custody from treatable medical conditions, and are much less likely than non-Indigenous people to receive the care they need -- Agencies such as police watch-houses, prisons and hospitals failed to follow all of their own procedures in 34% of cases where Indigenous people died, compared with 21% of cases for non-Indigenous people -- Mental health or cognitive impairment was a factor in 41% of all deaths in custody. But Indigenous people with a diagnosed mental health condition or cognitive impairment, such as a brain injury or foetal alcohol syndrome disorder, received the care they needed in just 53% of cases...

Ministry of Justice
# Guide to Offender Management Statistics England and Wales
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ July 2018

Georgina Sturge
# UK Prison Population Statistics
papers@parliament.uk, 23 July 2018
The prison population of England & Wales quadrupled in size between 1900 and 2017, with around half of this increase taking place since 1990. The Scottish prison population almost doubled in size since 1900 and rose 60% since 1990. The data series for Northern Ireland begins in 2000. Between 2000 and 2016/17 the prison population of Northern Ireland increased by 38%, although the prison population is currently at its lowest since 2010. To put the prison population in context, it is possible to calculate the number of prisoners per 100,000 people in the general population. At the most recent count there were: • 179 prisoners per 100,000 of the population in England and Wales in 2017 • 166 per 100,000 in Scotland (2016/17) and • 98 per 100,000 in Northern Ireland (2016/17).

Censis - FederSicurezza
# 1° Rapporto sulla filiera della sicurezza in Italia
www.censis.it/ Roma, 27 giugno 2018

Sul mercato della sicurezza... Lasciare troppo spazio alla libera iniziativa dei cittadini significherebbe, da un lato, incrementare le distanze sociali tra chi si può permettere i sistemi di difesa e chi no, e, dall’altro, andare incontro a pericolose derive giustizialiste della “sicurezza fai da te”...

Mariel Alper, Matthew R. Durose, Joshua Markman
# 2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-up Period (2005-2014)
Bureau of Justice Statistics, May 2018
Five in 6 (83%) state prisoners released in 2005 across 30 states were arrested at least once during the 9 years following their release. The remaining 17% were not arrested after release during the 9-year follow-up period. About 4 in 9 (44%) prisoners released in 2005 were arrested at least once during their first year after release. About 1 in 3 (34%) were arrested during their third year after release, and nearly 1 in 4 (24%) were arrested during their ninth year.

Jaeok Kim, Preeti Chauhan, Olive Lu, Meredith Patten
# Unpacking Pretrial Detention: An Examination of Patterns and Predictors of Readmissions
Criminal Justice Policy Review · May 2018
Recent estimates suggest that the number of individuals admitted to jails increased from 9.7 million in 1993 to 13.6 million in 2008. In 2015, there were 10.9 million individuals admitted to local jails in the United States and the average daily jail population was over 720,000. From 2005 to 2013, the number of unconvicted (i.e., pretrial) defendants held in local jails on any given day was over 450,000, and accounted for over 60% of the daily jail population. In New York City, which has one of the biggest jail systems in the country, approximately three quarters of admissions to the Department of Correction (DOC) in 2015 were for pretrial detention...

Danielle Kaeble, Mary Cowhig
# Correctional Populations in the United States, 2016
Bureau of Justice Statistics, April 2018
An estimated 6,613,500 persons were under the supervision of U.S. adult correctional systems on December 31, 2016. The adult correctional population consists of persons held in prisons and jails and persons on probation and parole. The correctional population decreased 0.9% from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2016. From 2007 to 2016, the correctional population declined by an average of 1.2% annually, ranging from a decrease of 0.4% in 2008 to 2.1% in 2010. At year-end 2016, about 1 in 38 persons in the United States were under correctional supervision...

Mark Brown, Stuart Ross
# Mentoring, Social Capital and Desistance: A Study of Women Released from Prison
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 43(1):31-50 · April 2010 
...First, drawing upon desistance theory it attempts to develop a theoretical underpinning for mentoring practice with ex-offenders that would identify appropriate targets for mentoring practice, including the development of social capital or connectedness. Part two of the article utilises data from research on a women’s mentoring program in Victoria, Australia, to understand how one key dimension of desistance — social capital — is recognised by women as a domain of need and those women’s perceptions of the way mentoring may deliver gains in social connectedness and capital.

Aurélie Stoll, Manon Jendly
# (Re)connaître les mécanismes de la désistance : un état des savoirs
Jusletter 30, April 2018
Alors qu’il est empiriquement attesté que la criminalité est essentiellement l’affaire d’adolescents et de jeunes adultes et que la grande majorité d’entre eux finit par abandonner cette vie problématique, il est intéressant de constater que la désistance est la composante de l’étude des carrières criminelles qui a jusqu’à présent reçu le moins d’attention. Entendue comme un processus qui mène progressivement à l’arrêt de conduites délinquantes, elle constitue un champ de connaissances pourtant particulièrement prometteur pour revisiter les pratiques d’intervention contemporaines déployées auprès de personnes judiciarisées.

Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor
# Using evidence to build a better justice system: The challenge of rising prison costs
www.pmcsa.org.nz/ Auckland, New Zealand, 29 March 2018
The general context of prisons filling up with people on remand awaiting trial and of prisoners waiting longer for parole, relate to political decisions that ramp up being ‘tough on crime’ with no evidence of benefit. Beyond the incapacitation of a given individual (which keeps the general public ‘safe’ from that specific offender), prisons overall reduce public safety by their criminogenic effects (both on the individual and subsequent generations). Resources are overwhelmingly directed to those already in the criminal-justice system, not to the prevention of theirgetting there. Yet there is strong and compelling evidence that interventions for preschoolers and young children experiencing trauma and maltreatment, and showing challenging behaviours that underpin a pathway to offending, are effective. The younger the child at intervention, the more effective it is likely to be...

Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics
# Marcelo F. Aebi, Mélanie M. Tiago, Léa Berger-Kolopp, Christine Burkhardt , SPACE I 2016, Prison Populations

# Marcelo F Aebi, Julien Chopin, SPACE II 2016, Persons Serving Non-Custodial Sanctions and Measures in 2016, rev. 12.03.2018
www.coe.int/ 20.03.2018

# Executive_summary_march2018

John F. Pfaff
# Criminal Punishment and the Politics of Place
Fordham Urban Law Journal, vol. XLV, 2018
The criminal justice system is not a single coherent “system,” but rather a somewhat—or sometimes extremely—chaotic collection of agencies, each responding to a unique set of incentives. And these incentives are, quite frequently, strongly shaped by who the constituents are, which is determined by where the constituents are. The two examples above highlight the need to account for place, and how thinking about where these agencies are helps us better understand what they are going to do,  and thus what sorts of reforms we may need to enact...

Zhen Zeng
# Jail Inmates in 2016
www.bjs.gov/ February 2018
At midyear 2016, about 740,700 inmates were confined in county and city jails in the United States. The midyear jail population (i.e., the number of inmates held in custody on the last weekday in June) remained relatively stable from 2011 to 2016 and below a peak of 785,500 in 2008, which was the highest count since 1982. There were 229 jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. esidents at midyear 2016, down from 259 per 100,000 residents at midyear 2007. Jails reported 10.6 million admissions during 2016, which was 14.5 times the size of the average daily population (ADP) in 2016 (731,300 inmates)...

Charles Falconer

# British justice is in flames. The MoJ’s fiddling is criminal. From prisons to probation and legal aid, the entire system is on the verge of collapse – and poor people bear the brunt. Act now, lord chancellor
www.theguardian.com/ Tue 6 Feb 2018
No one who knows anything about the justice system doubts it is in crisis, that the crisis is unprecedented, that it is rendering the system unable to perform its most basic functions. And that the victims of this are poor people. The prisons are as dangerous as they have ever been in modern times to prison officers and prisoners alike. The probation service has ceased to function in the face of a misconceived privatisation.

Human Rights Watch
# “I Needed Help, Instead I Was Punished”. Abuse and Neglect of Prisoners with Disabilities in Australia
www.hrw.org/ February 6, 2018

The statistics on how overrepresented people with disabilities are in prison—and especially how overrepresented certain groups of people with disabilities are—call into question the fairness and effectiveness of Australia’s justice system. People with disabilities, particularly a cognitive or psychosocial disability, are overrepresented in the criminal justice system in Australia—comprising around 18 percent of the country’s population, but almost 50 percent of people entering prison.

John Gramlich
# 5 facts about crime in the U.S.A.
www.pewresearch.org/ January 30, 2018
The two most commonly cited sources of crime statistics in the U.S. both show a substantial decline in the violent crime rate since it peaked in the early 1990s. One is an annual report by the FBI of serious crimes reported to police in approximately 18,000 jurisdictions around the country. The other is an annual survey of more than 90,000 households conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, which asks Americans ages 12 and older whether they were victims of crime, regardless of whether they reported those crimes to the police.

Ministry of Justice
# Offender Management statistics quarterly, England and Wales. Quarter: July to September 2017, Prison population: 31 December 2017
www.gov.uk/ 25 January 2018

# Monthly Bulletin - December 2017

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire - Bureau des statistiques et des études (SDME - Me5)
# Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France. Situation au 1er janvier 2018
www.justice.gouv.fr

E. Ann Carson
# Prisoners in 2016
Bureau of Justice Statistics, January 2018
The number of prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction at year-end 2016 (1,505,400) was a 7% decrease (down 110,100 prisoners) from 2009 when the U.S. prison population peaked. Federal prisoners made up 13% of the total U.S. prison population at year-end 2016 but accounted for 34% of the decline in the total prison population. The number of federal prisoners decreased from 196,500 in 2015 to 189,200 in 2016. This was the fourth consecutive year of population decline among federal prisoners.

# Giovanni Mammone, Primo Presidente della Corte di cassazione, Relazione sull’amministrazione della Giustizia, 26 gennaio 2018

# Riccardo Fuzio, Procuratore generale della Corte suprema di cassazione , Intervento nell’Assemblea generale della Corte sull’amministrazione della giustizia nell’anno 2017, 26 gennaio 2018

# Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria, Inaugurazione Anno Giudiziario 2018
# Dipartimento per la Giustizia Minorile e di Comunità, Inaugurazione Anno Giudiziario 2018

# Marina Anna Tavassi, Presidente della Corte di Appello di Milano, Relazione sull’amministrazione della giustizia nel Distretto della Corte di Appello di Milano, 27 gennaio 2018

Florence De Bruyn, Annie Kensey
# 50 ans d’études quantitatives sur les récidives enregistrées
www.justice.gouv.fr/ Décembre 2017
Ce Travaux & Documents présente, sous forme de fiches synthétiques et récapitulatives les recherches quantitatives réalisées en France depuis 50 ans en matière de récidives délictuelle et criminelle, officiellement enregistrées et judiciairement sanctionnées, ainsi que quelques recherches menées à l’étranger qui ont attiré notre attention par leur originalité. Cependant, nous ne saurions présenter ces études sans évoquer à minima le contexte dans lequel elles ont pu être produites. Comment la récidive devient-elle un objet d’études et pourquoi ? Pourquoi et comment quantifier la « récidive » ? Quels besoins cette quantification tente-t-elle de satisfaire ?

Rachel E. Morgan, Grace Kena
# Criminal Victimization, 2016
Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 2017
In 2016, about half (51%) of serious violent crimes, including rape or sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault, were reported to police. In comparison, 42% of all violent crimes and 36% of property crimes were reported to police. Rates of violent victimization, serious violent victimization, and property victimization were higher in urban areas than in  suburban and rural areas in 2016. The rate of violent victimization in urban areas was 29.9 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older, compared to 15.4 per 1,000 in suburban and 21.7 per 1,000 in rural areas...

Andrew Bushnel
# Australia's Criminal Justice Costs: an International Comparison
Institute of Public Affairs, december 2017
Incarceration in Australia is growing rapidly. The 2016 adult incarceration rate was 208 per 100,000 adults, up 28 percent from 2006. There are now more than 36,000 prisoners, up 39 percent from a decade ago... Australian prisons are among the most expensive in the world. Among countries for which 2014 data is available, Australia had the fifth highest per prisoner annual prison cost. The cost of putting one person in prison for a year was $109,500. Only Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands and Luxembourg had higher costs.

Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Dati statistici
www.giustizia.it/ 15 novembre 2017

Cédric Mathiot
# Non, les peines alternatives ne sont pas deux fois plus efficaces que la prison ferme
www.liberation.fr/ 1 novembre 2017
... En raisonnant avec des personnes de profils comparables, le taux de condamnation à l’emprisonnement ferme des personnes condamnées à du SME (52%) est beaucoup plus proche de celui des sortants de prison (61%). Même chose si on regarde le taux de recondamnation simple : les sortants de prison ont été 72% à être recondamnés dans les cinq ans. Ils sont suivis de près par les condamnés à du SME (68%) ou à du sursis simple (62%). Ces chiffres montrent toujours que la prison ferme débouche davantage sur la récidive que les  peines non carcérales. Mais avec des chiffres moins spectaculaires. Mais plus honnêtes.

HM Inspectorate of Probation for England and Wales
# Annual Report 2017 (Introduced by HM Chief Inspector of Probation Dame Glenys Stacey)
www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/ HM Inspectorate of Probation 2017
Yet in some CRCs, individuals meet with their probation worker in places that lack privacy, when sensitive and difficult conversations must take place. Some do not meet with their probation worker face-to face. Instead, they are supervised by telephone calls every six weeks or so from junior professional staff carrying 200 cases or more. I find it inexplicable that, under the banner of innovation, these developments were allowed...

[The Guardian...]

Prison Reform Trust
# Bromley Briefings Prison Factfile
www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ Autumn 2017
In 2016–17, two-thirds of prisons in England and Wales were overcrowded (79 of the 119 prisons). Nearly 21,000 people were held in overcrowded accommodation—almost a quarter of the prison population. The majority were doubling up in cells designed for one. This level of overcrowding has remained broadly unchanged for the last 14 years....

PEW Charitable Trusts
# Prison Health Care: Costs and Quality. How and why states strive for high-performing systems
www.pewtrusts.org/ Oct 2017
On a typical day, state prisons house more than a million people, many of whom have extensive and communicable health ailments. The manner in which services are provided affects state budgets because of the expensive treatments for some common conditions, the downstream costs of delayed or inadequate care, and the legal and financial consequences of being found to violate inmates’ constitutional rights to “reasonably adequate” care. Moreover, with nearly all incarcerated individuals eventually returning to society, treatment and discharge planning—especially for those with a substance use disorder, mental illness, or infectious disease—play an important role in statewide anti- recidivism and public health efforts. Taken together, these realities call for the attention of policymakers and administrators.

Michela Finizio, # Ecco la mappa dei reati: 284 denunce ogni ora. Nel 2016 si conferma il calo generale dei delitti (7,4%), ilsole24ore.it/ 9 ottobre 2017

Maurizio Fiasco, # Alt al mercato speculativo della paura, ilsole24ore.it/ 9 ottobre 2017

Parlamento europeo | 2014-2019
# Sistemi carcerari e condizioni di detenzione. Risoluzione del Parlamento europeo del 5 ottobre 2017 sui sistemi carcerari e le condizioni di detenzione (2015/2062(INI)
www.europarl.europa.eu/

DAP Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria

# Circolare sull'organizzazione del circuito detentivo speciale previsto dall'art. 41 bis O.P.
2 ottobre 2017

Federico Olivo
# La recidiva nell'esecuzione penale: grande menzogna oppure ricerca da approfondire?
www.sappe.it/ Settembre 2017
... Peccato però che in Italia, nessuno, né il Parlamento, né il Governo, nemmeno il Ministro della Giustizia in carica, tuttora, abbiano minimamente idea del tasso effettivo di recidiva del sistema penale italiano.

Giacomo Di Gennaro, Riccardo Marselli (a cura di)
# Criminalità e sicurezza a Napoli. Secondo rapporto
Federico II University Press, Napoli 2017

Giorgio Alleva
# Audizione alla Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sul femminicidio, nonché su ogni forma di violenza di genere
# Allegato

www.istat.it/ Roma, 27 settembre 2017
In generale, la quota di straniere che dichiara di aver subito violenza fisica o sessuale è pressoché identica a quella delle donne italiane (31,3% – 644 mila donne, contro 31,5% – 6 milioni 144 mila donne). Si attestano sopra la media le donne moldave, che superano il 35 per cento (37,3%), le romene (33,9%) e le ucraine (33,2%), mentre le percentuali sono più basse della media fra le donne marocchine (21,7%), albanesi (18,8%) e cinesi (16,4%).

Laura Jaitman (ed)
# The Costs of Crime and Violence New Evidence and Insights in Latin America and the Caribbean
https://publications.iadb.org/ 2017
What exactly are the social costs of crime and how can we measure them? These costs certainly include the direct costs as a result of crime: injury, damage, and loss. There are also costs in anticipation of crime, such as public and private expenditure on security. And there are costs in response to crime, such as the cost of the criminal justice system. We should also take into account other indirect or intangible costs such as changes in behavior due to the fear of crime or the costs to the families of victims. Indeed, there are probably many other consequences of crime that are costly and should be considered, including the possibility that what people are willing to pay to reduce crime may sometimes even be much higher than what the aggregate costs of crime to society actually turn out to be.

Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Dati Statistici - Aggiornamento
www.giustizia.it/ 15 settembre 2017

Ronald D’Amico, Christian Geckeler, Hui Kim
# An Evaluation of Seven Second Chance Act Adult Demonstration Programs: Impact Findings at 18 Months
www.ncjrs.gov/ September 2017
Being assigned to the program group did not reduce involvement with the criminal justice system in the 18 months after random assignment. Whether recidivism was measured using survey or administrative data, those in the program group were no less likely to be re-arrested, reconvicted, or re-incarcerated; their time to re-arrest or re-incarceration was no shorter; and they did not have fewer total days incarcerated (including time in both prisons and jails)....

Ames C. Grawert, James Cullen | Brennan Center for Justice
# Crime in 2017: A Preliminary Analysis
www.brennancenter.org/ September 6, 2017
- The overall crime rate in 2017 is projected to decrease slightly, by 1.8 percent. If this estimate holds, 2017 will have the second-lowest crime rate since 1990. - The violent crime rate is projected to decrease slightly, by 0.6 percent, essentially remaining stable. - The 2017 murder rate is projected to be 2.5 percent lower than last year. This year’s decline is driven primarily by decreases in Detroit (down 25.6 percent), Houston (down 20.5 percent), and New York (down 19.1 percent). Chicago’s murder rate is also projected to fall, by 2.4 percent...

ISTAT
# Delitti, imputati e vittime dei reati. Una lettura integrata delle fonti sulla criminalità e giustizia
Istituto nazionale di statistica, 2017

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT)
# Report to the Italian Government on the visit to Italy carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 8 to 21 April 2016  # Executive summary
https://rm.coe.int/ Strasbourg, 8 September 2017
The CPT recommends that the Italian authorities pursue their efforts to eradicate prison overcrowding. The CPT would like to be informed about the steps taken by the Italian authorities in order to curb the growth of the prison population registered since the beginning of 2016... The CPT is critical of the use of medical seclusion rooms for the prolonged isolation of inmates with self-harming and/or suicidal tendencies; notably, the potential it represents for physical ill-treatment, the degrading manner of its application (such as inmates being left in only their underwear), the absence of adequate monitoring by health-care staff and the inadequate recording of such measures...

Gianpiero Dalla Zuanna, Alessandra Minello
# Assassini di genere
lavoce.info, 23.08.2017
L’Italia è il paese sviluppato dove le donne corrono il minor rischio di essere uccise. Infatti, nel periodo 2004-2015 ci sono stati in Italia 0,51 omicidi volontari ogni 100 mila donne residenti, contro una media di 1,23 nei trentadue paesi europei e nordamericani per cui si dispone di dati Unodc. Le differenze sono ampie. I paesi della ex-Urss e gli Usa sono quelli dove le donne sono più a rischio, con tassi quattro volte superiori rispetto all’Italia, mentre i più sicuri sono gli stati dell’Europa meridionale, con l’Italia al 32esimo e ultimo posto per tasso di omicidi. 

Prison Reform Trust
# Prison: the facts. Bromley Briefings
www.thebromleytrust.org.uk/ Summer 2017
The prison system as a whole has been overcrowded in every year since 1994. Overcrowding affects whether activities, staff and other resources are available to reduce risk of reoffending, as well as distance from families and other support networks. At the end of May 2017, 76 of the 117 prisons in England and Wales were overcrowded—holding 9,496 people more than they were designed to. 20,995 people were held in overcrowded accommodation on average in 2015–6—nearly a quarter of the prison population. The majority were doubling up in cells designed for one. This level of overcrowding has remained broadly unchanged for the last 12 years.

Associazione Antigone
# Pre-Rapporto 2017 sulle carceri
www.associazioneantigone.it/ 27 luglio 2017

Colson Center for Christian Worldview, the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, the National Association of Evangelicals, and Prison Fellowship
# Responding to Crime & Incarceration: A Call to the Church
www.prisonfellowship.org/ 2017

Don Stemen
# The Prison Paradox: More Incarceration Will Not Make Us Safer
www.vera.org/ July 2017
Despite two decades of declining crime rates and a decade of efforts to reduce mass incarceration, some policymakers  continue to call for tougher sentences and greater use of incarceration to reduce crime. It may seem intuitive that increasing incarceration would further reduce crime: incarceration not only prevents future crimes by taking people who commit crime “out of circulation” (incapacitation), but it also may dissuade people from committing future crimes out of fear of punishment (deterrence). In reality, however, increasing incarceration rates has a minimal impact on reducing crime and entails significant costs...

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT)
# Public statement concerning Belgium
Strasbourg, 13 July 2017
However, for 12 years, the CPT has consistently expressed its deep concern regarding the serious consequences which can result from industrial action by prison staff in Belgium. These consequences have a direct impact (for prolonged periods) on the detention conditions, health and security of the persons placed under their responsibility. They entail, in particular, almost continuous confinement of inmates in cells in conditions already deemed intolerable, serious disruption in the distribution of their meals, a dramatic deterioration of their personal hygiene conditions and conditions in cells, frequent cancellation of daily outdoor exercise, serious restrictions on their access to health care and a virtual halt to their contacts with the outside world (including with lawyers)...

Frieder Dünkel
# European penology: The rise and fall of prison population rates in Europe in times of migrant crises and terrorism
European Journal of Criminology 2017, Vol. 14(6) 629–653
Research results testing the hypothesis that prison population rates are higher or increase if crime rates, particularly for serious crimes (which usually attract a custodial sentence), are high or increase are mixed. In some countries a confirming development was found (for example, Germany); in others, however, there was actually evidence of an inverse correlation: an increase in crime rates and decrease in prison populations, or, as in the USA and England & Wales, an increase in prison population rates and a decrease in crime. In recent years Aebi, Linde and Delgrande (2015) have found a positive correlation between the development of (serious) crime and prison population rates for some West European countries. Nevertheless, the correlations are rather weak and not always clear. There is, however, a stronger correlation between the fall in prison population rates and declining crime rates in some countries such as Germany and the Netherlands

David Crowe
# Measuring the cost of crime
https://igees.gov.ie/ 8 june 2017

The Sentencing Project
# Trends in U.S. Corrections
http://sentencingproject.org/ June 2017

Giulia Mentasti,
# Carcere e sanzioni non detentive in Europa: i rapporti Space I e Space II 2015
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 25 maggio 2017

Quanto ai tipi di reato per i quali sono state pronunciate le condanne, al primo posto si collocano i reati connessi alle sostanze stupefacenti (18,7%), seguiti a breve distanza da furto (16,2%), omicidio (13,2%) e rapina (12,6%). Tra le informazioni più rilevanti, si segnalano: la durata media delle detenzioni, stabilizzata, come l’anno precedente, intorno ai sette mesi; il tasso medio di mortalità, che nel corso del 2014 è stato di 27 deceduti ogni 10.000 detenuti (un punto inferiore rispetto al precedente anno); tra le cause di morte, il suicidio è tuttora ampiamente presente, pur se in attenuazione rispetto al passato, con un tasso di 7,2 suicidi ogni 10.000 detenuti...

Chris Mai, Ram Subramanian
# The Price of Prisons: Examining State Spending Trends, 2010-2015
Vera Institute of Justice, May 2017
In 2015, among the 45 responding states, the total state expenditure on prisons was just under $43 billion. Because the size of states and state prison systems vary widely, there is likewise variation between each states’ total prison costs, ranging from $65 million in North Dakota, to more than $8 billion (a fifth of the total prison spending in the United States) in California—the largest state prison system in the country...

Associazione Antigone
# XIII rapporto sulle condizioni di detenzione
www.associazioneantigone.it/ 25 maggio 2017

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire
# Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France
www.justice.gouv.fr/ 1er mai 2017

Le Monde - Editorial
# La politique pénale et carcérale française est un échec
www.lemonde.fr/ 03.04.2017
Notre taux d’incarcération (98,3 détenus pour 100 000 habitants) n’est inférieur à la moyenne européenne que parce que celle-ci inclut des pays qui emprisonnent en masse (la Russie et la Turquie ). La vérité est plus brutale, telle que la décrivait le regretté Me Thierry Lévy : en France, la prison ne se limite pas à la privation de liberté. Dans notre entendement collectif, elle doit faire souffrir au-delà de l’enfermement.

Senato della Repubblic a
# Emergenza carceri. Tra sovraffollamento cronico, condanne UE e legislazione svuota-penitenziari
Senato - Servizio Studi, N. 161 - aprile 2017
Il sovraffollamento carcerario sembra destinato ad affliggere, ciclicamente, il sistema penitenziario italiano... Ancora a marzo 2017, tuttavia, il Garante nazionale dei detenuti, nella sua relazione annuale al Parlamento, ha segnalato il permanere di criticità inaccettabili nel sistema penitenziario, soprattutto in relazione ai livelli di trattamento delle persone vulnerabili e malate, livelli «definibili appropriatamente con gli aggettivi “inumano” e “degradante”» utilizzati dalla CEDU...

# Damiano Aliprandi, Le donne delinquono meno degli uomini ma in carcere trovano condizioni peggiori, Il Dubbio, 6 aprile 2017

Garante Nazionale dei diritti delle persone detenute o private della libertà personale
# Relazione al Parlamento 2017
Roma 21 marzo 2017

Peter Wagner, Bernadette Rabuy
# Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2017
www.prisonpolicy.org/ March 14, 2017
The American criminal justice system holds more than 2.3 million people in 1,719 state prisons, 102 federal prisons, 901 juvenile correctional facilities, 3,163 local jails, and 76 Indian Country jails as well as in military prisons, immigration detention facilities, civil commitment centers, and prisons in the  U.S. territories. And we go deeper to provide further detail on why people are locked up in all of those different types of facilities...

Julie Reitano - Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics
# Adult correctional statistics in Canada, 2015/2016
www.statcan.gc.ca/ March 1, 2017

In 2015/2016, there were on average 120,568 adult offenders on a given day, in either custody or in a community program among the 11 reporting provinces and territories for which both custody and community data were available. This represents a rate of 438 offenders per 100,000 adult population, a decrease of 3% from the previous year and a decline of 16% compared to 2011/2012. In contrast, the number of adults charged with a crime by police in Canada increased 3% between 2014 and 2015. However, between 2011 and 2015, there was a 1% decline in the number of adults charged.  A large majority of adults (80%) under correctional supervision in the provinces and territories in 2015/2016 were under community supervision such as probation and conditional sentences. The remaining 20% were in custody.

Aaron Chalfin, Justin McCrary
# Criminal Deterrence: A Review of the Literature
Journal of Economic Literature 2017, 55(1), 5–48
We review economics research regarding the effect of police, punishments, and work on crime, with a particular focus on papers from the last twenty years. Evidence in favor of deterrence effects is mixed. While there is considerable evidence that crime is responsive to police and to the existence of attractive legitimate labor-market opportunities, there is far less evidence that crime responds to the severity of criminal sanctions. We discuss fruitful directions for future work and implications for public policy.

David Cole
# The Changing Politics of Crime and the Future of Mass Incarceration
http://academyforjustice.org/ February 11, 2017
Today “smart on crime” has replaced “tough on crime.” Rather than simply being tougher than the next guy, politicians and government officials increasingly seek solutions that are based on evidence and reason rather than heated rhetoric and demagoguery. To that end, this project brings together a who’s who of experts in criminal law, and asks each contributor to offer both a concise diagnosis of the problems in their particular area of expertise and, more importantly, a prescription for practical reforms.

Massimo De Pascalis
# Come liberarsi della necessità del carcere. Uno sguardo alle detenzioni brevi ed altro
Ristretti Orizzonti, 22 febbraio 2017

Anche se sono state introdotte procedure per monitorare e garantire la fruibilità dello spazio minimo tollerabile determinato dalla Cedu, non possiamo non riconoscere che le politiche penitenziarie messe in campo stanno riproducendo gli stessi effetti che nella storia penitenziaria sono seguiti ad ogni indulto: al repentino abbassamento della popolazione detenuta segue un costante e progressivo aumento che ripropone sempre le stesse criticità di Sistema. Sovraffollamento, promiscuità, violazione dei diritti umani, precarie condizioni igienico sanitarie degli istituti, conflittualità diffuse...

Dan Bilefsky
# Dutch Get Creative to Solve a Prison Problem: Too Many Empty Cells
www.nytimes.com/ Feb. 9, 2017
About a third of Dutch prison cells sit empty, according to the Ministry of Justice. Criminologists attribute the situation to a spectacular fall in crime over the past two decades and an approach to law enforcement that prefers rehabilitation to incarceration. “The Dutch have a deeply ingrained pragmatism when it comes to regulating law and order,” said René van Swaaningen, professor of criminology at Erasmus School of Law in Rotterdam, noting the country’s relatively liberal approach to “soft” drugs and prostitution. “Prisons are very expensive. Unlike the United States, where people tend to focus on the moral arguments for imprisonment, the Netherlands is more focused on what works and what is effective.” 

Roberto Cornelli, Oriana Binik, Massimiliano Dova, Annalisa Zamburlini
# ProbACTION- Promuovere il cambiamento culturale nell’ambito della giustizia
Fondazione Cariplo, gennaio 2017

Giovanni Canzio - Primo Presidente Corte Suprema di Cassazione

# Relazione sull’amministrazione della giustizia nell’anno 2016

Roma, 26 gennaio 2017

Pasquale Ciccolo - Procuratore generale della Corte suprema di cassazione, # Intervento nell’Assemblea generale della Corte sull’amministrazione della giustizia nell’anno 2016, Roma, 26 gennaio 2017

Marina Anna Tavassi Presidente della Corte di Appello di Milano, # Relazione sull’amministrazione della giustizia nel Distretto della Corte di Appello di Milano, Assemblea Generale – Milano, 28 gennaio 2017

Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria

# Relazione del Ministero sull’amministrazione della giustizia anno 2016. Inaugurazione dell’Anno Giudiziario 2017
26 Gennaio 2017

Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento per la giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Relazione del Ministero sull’amministrazione della giustizia anno 2016. Inaugurazione dell’Anno Giudiziario 2017
26 Gennaio 2017

# Comunicazioni sull’amministrazione della giustizia del Ministro Andrea Orlando -- Senato della Repubblica, 18 gennaio 2017
# Relazione del Ministero sull'amministrazione della giustizia Anno 2016 -- Inaugurazione dell'Anno Giudiziario 2017
# Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria
# Dipartimento per la Giustizia Minorile e di Comunità

Observatoire International des Prisons O.I.P. – Section Belge
# Notice 2016. Pour le droit à la dignité des personnes détenues
http://oipbelgique.be/ 2017

Le 7 août 2015, les détenus étaient 10.946. En 2014, on comptait 11.769 détenus, et en 2013, 11.732 détenus. La diminution de la population carcérale (qui n’est pas constante) nous parait s’expliquer essentiellemen par l’ouverture d’un hôpital pour internés (partenariat public/privé, environ 200 places) mais surtout par l’augmentation toujours constante des personnes placées sous surveillance électronique. Ils étaient 1.887 en moyenne par jour en 2015, pour 1.071 en 2013 ou encore 1.807 en 2014 (142 en 2001!). Le 7 mars 2016, le nombre de détenus en prison étaient de 11062. Il était de 10250 en octobre 2016...

François-Xavier Gomez
# Au Brésil, les prisons surpeuplées sont une aubaine pour le crime organisé
www.liberation.fr/ 7 janvier 2017
Fin 2014, il y avait 622 000 prisonniers dans le pays. Ce sont les derniers chiffres disponibles. La surpopulation atteint 167% en moyenne, et dans certains centres elle est très supérieure... Quelle serait la solution ? Une réforme du système judiciaire, l’application de peines de substitution à l’enfermement, de la liberté surveillée aux travaux d’intérêt général. Et une évolution de la législation sur les stupéfiants. La plupart des détentions concernent la possession de petites quantités de drogue...

Rachel Kleinfeld
# Reducing All Violent Deaths, Everywhere. Why the Data Must Improve
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, January 2017
At between 370,000 and 450,000 homicides annually over the past decade according to WHO and UNODC numbers, about three-quarters of violent deaths globally are homicides. To put it in perspective, more people are killed by homicide each year than the higher estimates for five years of the brutal war in Syria.

E. Ann Carson, Elizabeth Anderson
# Prisoners in 2015
www.bjs.gov/ December 2016
At yearend 2015, the United States had an estimated 1,526,800 prisoners under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities. This was the smallest U.S. prison population since 2005 (1,525,900 prisoners). The prison population decreased by more than 2% from the number of prisoners held in December 2014. This was the largest decline in the number of persons under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities since 1978...

Jeremy Travis, Preeti Chauhan, Ervin M. Balazon, Shannon Tomascak, Celina Cuevas, Olive Lu, Quinn O. Hood, Todd Warner, Adam G. Fera
# Trends in Admissions to the New York City Department of Correction, 1995-2015
http://misdemeanorjustice.org/ December 13, 2016
A Vera Institute of Justice report found that annual admissions for jails nearly doubled between 1983 to 2013, growing from six million to 11.7 million. Further, they Bureau of Justice Statistics found that the number of admissions to local jails increased by 20 percent from 1999 to 2013... in February, 2015, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation launched the Safety and Justice Challenge. This initiative seeks to reduce over-incarceration by creating more effective local justice systems and reducing the population of jails. Sixteen counties, three cities, and one state are now participating in the Safety and Justice Challenge. These initiatives complement the ground-breaking work of the Obama Administration in focusing on pretrial justice issues, augmented by the White House data-driven initiative. On a conceptual and operational level, this new focus on pretrial justice and jail incarceration is linked to the parallel national discussion about ways to reduce prison populations...

James Austin, Lauren-Brooke Eisen, James Cullen, Jonathan Frank, Inimai Chettiar | Brennan Center for Justice
at New York University School of Law
# How Many Americans Are Unnecessarily Incarcerated?
www.brennancenter.org/ December 9, 2016
Of the 1.46 million state and federal prisoners, an estimated 39 percent (approximately 576,000 people) are incarcerated with little public safety rationale. They could be more appropriately sentenced to an alternative to prison or a shorter prison stay, with limited impact on public safety. If these prisoners were released, it would result in cost savings of nearly $20 billion per year, and almost $200 billion over 10 years. Alternatives to prison are likely more effective sentences for an estimated 364,000 lower-level offenders — about 25 percent of the current prison population. Research shows that prison does little to rehabilitate and can increase recidivism in such cases. Treatment, community service, or probation are more effective...

Danielle Kaeble, Lauren Glaze
# Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015
www.bjs.gov/ December 2016
At yearend 2015, an estimated 6,741,400 persons were under the supervision of U.S. adult correctional systems, about 115,600 fewer persons than yearend 2014. This was the first time since 2002 (6,730,900) that the correctional population fell below 6.8 million. The population declined by 1.7% during 2015, which was the largest decline since 2010 (down 2.1%). Additionally, the decrease was a change from a 3-year trend of stable annual rate declines of about 0.6% between 2012 and 2014. About 1 in 37 adults in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision at the end of 2015. 

The Sentencing Project
# Repurposing: New Beginnings for Closed Prisons
www.sentencingproject.org/ December 14, 2016
Since 2011, at least 22 states have closed or announced closures for 94 state prisons and juvenile facilities, resulting in the elimination of over 48,000 state prison beds1) and an estimated cost savings of over $345 million.2) The opportunity to downsize prison bed space has been brought about by declines in state prison populations as well as increasing challenges of managing older facilities. Reduced capacity has created the opportunity to repurpose closed prisons for a range of uses outside of the correctional system, including a movie studio, a distillery, and urban redevelopment.

Matthew Friedman, Ames Grawert, James Cullen | Brenna Center for Justice
# Crime in 2016: Updated Analysis
www.brennancenter.org/ December 2016

Crime: The overall crime rate in 2016 is projected to remain the same as in 2015, rising by 1.3 percent. Twelve cities are expected to see drops in crime. These decreases are offset by Chicago (rising 9.1 percent) and Charlotte (17.5 percent). Nationally, crime remains at an all-time low. • Violence: The violent crime rate is projected to rise slightly, by 5.5 percent, with half the increase driven by Los Angeles (up 13.3 percent†) and Chicago (up 16.2 percent†). Even so, violent crime remains near the bottom of the nation’s 30-year downward trend. • Murder: The murder rate is projected to rise by 13.1 percent this year, with nearly half of this increase attributable to Chicago alone (234 of 496 murders)...

Australian Bureau of Statistics
# Prisoners in Australia, 2016
www.abs.gov.au/ 08/12/2016

Benjamin Monnery
# Prison, reentry and recidivism: micro-econometric applications
Université Lumière Lyon 2 - Thèse de Doctorat (NR) de Sciences Economiques, 29 novembre 2016
Regarding the recidivism equation, the estimates for Fast-Track are large, negative and significant (except for the ± 5 years bandwidth) : focusing on the ± 3 years bandwith, the results suggest that experiencing incarceration through a fast-track procedure reduces probability of recidivism in the 5 years after release by 34% points on average.

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts
# Fine Time Massachusetts: Judges, Poor People, and Debtors’ Prison in the 21st Century
Massachusetts Senate, November 7, 2016

Wendy Sawyer # Punishing Poverty: The high cost of probation fees in Massachusetts, www.prisonpolicy.org/ December 8, 2016
Probation service fees in Massachusetts cost probationers more than $20 million every year. People are placed on one of two tiers of probation: supervised and administrative, and they are currently charged $65 and $50 per month, respectively. With an average probation sentence of 17-20 months, a Massachusetts resident sentenced to probation is charged between $850$ 1,300 in monthly probation service fees alone — on top of many other court fines and fees.